Introduction Air disinfectant device www.kplazer.com What is a Virus ▣ Viruses are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria and consist of nucleic acids(DNA or RNA) enclosed inside a coating of protein. They are unable to reproduce on their own. Viruses are only able to reproduce by entering cells of bacteria, animals, or plants and utilizing the metabolic system of that host organism. 80% of known viruses have glycoprotein envelope shells which enclose the inner nucleic acids and protein. S-Protein spikes in these envelopes allow viruses to invade the host organisms. If the viral envelope is
broken down, the virus becomes unable to invade the host cell, but rather gets absorbed by it, essentially l osing its functionality. This is known as viral inactivation. The other 20% are non-envelope viruses. 2 What is a Virus ▶ Source [https://openwho.org/courses/introduction-to-ncov] ▣ Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome(MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS). A novel coronavirus(COVID-19) was identified in 2019. This is a new coronavirus that has
not been previously identified in humans. As the official disease name was established after material creation, any mention of nCoV refers to COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. ▶ Source [https://openwho.org/courses/introduction-to-ncov] ▣ Influenza(Flu) and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different viruses. COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus(called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses. There are some key differences between flu and COVID-19. COVID-19
seems to spread more easily than flu and causes more serious illnesses in some people. It can also take longer before people show symptoms and people can be contagious for longer. ▶ Source [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symtoms.html] 3 What is a Virus ▣ Influenza(Flu) Viruses There are two main types of influenza(flu) virus : Types A and B. The Influenza A and B Viruses that routinely spread in people(human influenza viruses) are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. ▶ Source [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/index.htm] How to disinfect Air ▣ Most
air disinfectant devices disinfect air in one of the following four types. (A) Plasma ▶ It has an Ozone risk. (B) Plasma + Hepa filter ▶ It has an ozone risk. ▶ Secondary contamination occurs due to Viruses and Bacteria. (C) UV Radiation ▶ There can be a corrosion problem inside the disinfectant device by radiation. (D) UV Radiation + Hepa filter ▶ There can be a corrosion problem inside the disinfectant device by radiation. ▶ Secondary contamination occurs due to Viruses and Bacteria. How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] ★ KPLAZER Has double perfect disinfection performance using inactivation
system(1) and UV radiation(2) [page10]. (1) Inactivation system(Hepa filter) has no secondary contamination by Viruses and Bacteria. ▣ Viruses have glycoprotein envelope shells which enclose the inner nucleic acids and protein. S-protein spikes in these envelopes allow viruses to invade the host organisms. ▣ If the viral envelope is broken down, the virus becomes unable to invade the host cell, but rather gets absorbed by it, essentially losing its functionality. This is known as viral inactivation. 4 How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] ▣ KPLAZER uses a viral inactivation system ▶ Bactericidal
ability against gram positive bacteria. ▶ Inhibition against fungi dissolving hyphae. ▶ Viral inactivation. ▣ KPLAZER, no secondary contamination from Viruses and Bacteria. (Picture① ▼ : KPLAZER inactivation system without secondary contamination). No secondary contamination from Viruses and Bacteria ▼ Microorganisms such as dust, viruses, and bacteria are collected in pre-filters, and even towels. This is why air disinfectant device are equipped with Hepa-filters. However, there is no solution to the problem of growing by ingesting nutrients in dust, causing secondary pollution and
discharging into the room. (Picture② ▼ : Inside of Hepa filter where the secondary contamination is going on). Secondary contamination from Viruses and Bacteria 5 How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] ▣ Conventional Hepa filter vs. KPLAZER inactivation system,Hepa filter Conventional Hepa filter KPLAZER inactivation system,Hepa filter Dust and microorganisms Dust and microorganisms ▼ ▼ Secondary contamination Viral inactivation ▼ ▼ 6 Secondary contamination Viral inactivation How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] Conventional Hepa filter KPLAZER inactivation system,Hepa filter Secondary contamination Viral
inactivation ▼ ▼ Secondary contamination No secondary contamination ▣ KPLAZER can kill Viruses succh as Norovirus Virus SARS Influenza Virus A Virus Smallpox Influenza Virus B Parainfluenza Virus Hepatitis A(HAV) Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV) Adenoviruses Escherichia coli Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) Staphlococcus epidermidis / BCG(Mycobacterium bovis) MRSA(Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) 7 How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] ▣ Experimental Animal Laboratory Conventional Hepa filter KPLAZER inactivation system,Hepa filter Dust and Microorganisms Dust ▼ ▼ Secondary contamination No
secondary contamination ▼ ▼ 8 Secondary contamination No secondary contamination Inactivation Mechanism for Viruses and Bacteria ▣ How does the inactivation system work against viruses? ▶ There are many viruses that are still not identified but most of identified viruses have an envelope. Such viruses are inactivated by the enzyme dissolving the envelope. Without the envelope, Viruses cannot invade host cells because no spikes remain. ▶ Influenza is an envelope virus, thus the inactivation system is also effective against swine or avian flu. ▣ Lytic Enzyme ▶ dissolves cell wall of bacteria and
fungi hyphae; decomposes to a molecular level ▶ 6 Major classes of enzymes oxidoreductase / transferase / lyase / isomerase / synthetase(ligase) / hydrolase → Lytic enzyme belongs to the hydrolase enzyme class. ▣ Extremely Stable Chemical Bond. Powerfoul Bactericidal Performance and Strong Resistance against Chemicals ▣ The enzyme is immobilized on the fibers of the media. Once bacteria touch the fiber, they are killed by lytic action dissolving the cell wall of the bacteria. when subsequent bacteria are captured, the enzymatic process is repeated. 9 Inactivation Mechanism for Viruses and
Bacteria ⇨ ⇩ Bactericidal performance against Bacillus subtilis ⇨ ▲ Lytic Action! / Bactericidal performance against Bacillus subtilis ▲ Above photograph is published in the university textbook 10 " A Genomic Perspective(W.W. Norton) ". How to disinfect Air [KPLAZER] ★ KPLAZER has double perfect disinfection performance using inactivation system(1) and UV radiation(2) [page10]. (2) UV radiation. What is UV (Ultraviolet) Radiation ▣ All radiation is a form of energy, most of which is invisible to human eyes. UV radiation is only one form of radiation and it is measured of a scientific scale
called the electromagnetic(EM) spectrum. UV radiation is only one type of EM energy you may be familiar with. Radio waves that transmit sound from a radio station's tower to your stereo, or between cell phones; microwaves, like those that heat your food in a microwave oven; visible light that is emitted from the lights in your home; and X-rays like those used in hospital X-ray machines to capture images of the bones inside your body, are all forms of EM energy. UV radiation is the portion of the EM spectrum between X-rays and visible light. ▶ Source
[https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-product/tanning/ultraviolet-uv- radiation#UVC] ▣ Ultraviolet(UV) radiation is defined as that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X rays and visible light,i.e.,between 40 and 400 nm(30-3 ev). The UV spectrum is divided into Vacuum UV (40-190 nm), Far UV (190-220 nm), UVC (220-290 nm), UVB (290-320 nm),UVA (320-400 nm). The sun is our primary natural source of UV radiation. Artificial sources include tanning booths, black lights, curing lamps, germicidal lamps, mercury vapor lamps, halogen lights, high-intensity discharge lamps, fluorescent
and incandescent sources, and some types of lasers(excimer lasers, nitrogen lasers, and third harmonic Nd:YAG lassers). Unique hazards apply to the different sources depending on the wavelength range of the emitted UV radiation. ▶ Source [hps.org/hpspublications/articles/uv.html] What is UV(Ultraviolet) Radiation UVC radiation is the highest energy portion of the UV radiation spectrum. UVC radiation from the sun does not reach the earth's surface because it is blocked by the ozone layer in the atmosphere. Thus, the only way that humans can be exposed to UVC radiation is from an artificial
source like a lamp or laser. ▶ Source [https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-product/tanning/ultraviolet-uv-radiation#UVC] 11 What is UVC Radiation UVC is almost never observed in nature because it is absorbed completely in the atmosphere, as are Far UV and Vacuum UV. Germicidal lamps are designed to emit UVC radiation because of its ability to kill bacteria. In humans, UVC is absorbed in the outer dead layers of the epidermis. Accidental overexposure to UVC can cause corneal burns, commonly termed welders' flash, and snow blindness, a severe sunburn to the face. While UVC injury usually
clears up in a day or two, it can be extremely painful. ▶ Source [hps.org/hpspublications/articles/uv.html] What are the risks of exposure to UVC radiation What are the risks of exposure to UVC radiation UVC radiation can cause severe burns of the skin and eye injuries(photokeratitis). Avoid direct skin exposure to UVC radiation and never look directly into a UVC light source, even briefly. Skin burns and eye injuries from UVC exposure usually resolve within a week with no known long-term damage. Since the penetration depth of UVC radiation is very low, the risk of skin cancer, cataracts or
permanent vision loss is also thought to be very low. The type of eye injury associated with exposure to UVC causes pain and a feeling of having sand in the eyes. Sometimes people are unable to use their eyes for one to two days. It can occur after a very short exposure(seconds to minutes) to UVC radiation. ▶ Source [https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-product/tanning/ ultraviolet-uv-radiation#UVC] ▣ KPLAZER UVC Module is installed inside the double casing and is safe without any exposure to human eyes and skin. ▣ The casing inside the KPLAZER is corrosion-free due to the influence of UV
rays. 12 UV disinfection methods(Principle) UVC radiation destroys the DNA or RNA of Bacteria and Viruses. The destruction ultimately leads to the inactivation of Viruses. Specification Value Parameter Unit Min Typ Max Peak wavelength 270 275 280 nm Forward Current 170 200 230 mA Power Consumption 2.04 2.4 2.76 W Radiant Flux 28 40 - mW ▶ Typ 80mW~100mw[UVC LED Module(40mW) × 2sets)] / Input Voltage[12V] Performance Report Product Treatment time Distance Viruses reduction rate 1 sec 99.437% UVC module (100mW) 3 sec 2cm 99.739% 5 sec 99.823% ▶ As a result of the sterilization test for
COVID-19(SARS-CoV-2) by UV generated in the UVC module(100mW) ▶ The organizer of the performance test KR BIOTECH[Korea / www.krbiotech.com] Reference ▣ scientific reports from Nature UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication OPEN from nature 13 ▶ Source [https://www.nature.com/scientificreports] Safety Certification Performance Report Viral Filtration Efficiency[%] Measurement single experiments mean std. dev. 1 99.98% 2 99.95% 99.96% 0.02% 3 99.95% ▲ Test report for KPLAZER Inactivation system[Hepa filter] Bacterial Filtration Efficiency[%] Measurement single
experiments mean std. dev. 1 99.62% 2 99.67% 99.71% 0.11% 3 99.83% www.ofi.at [Austria] ▲ Test repor
